Sugarcane is one of the high consumption plants that has very high drainage coefficient. Irrigation frequency of Sugarcane in the maximum of consumption month is near 5 days and drainage systems often are removing drain water more than enough from the soil. This study was carried out to investigate the impact of controlled drainage on reduction of drainage coefficient and drainage volumes in three fields of Imam Khomeini sugarcane agro- industry. Two treatments were controlled drainage with water table controlling in 70 and 90 cm depth from soil surface (CD70, CD90) and the third one was free drainage (FD) treatment. According to the results, the CD treatments significantly reduced drainage coefficient during the study, compared to free drainage treatment.Average drainage coefficient in during the study in CD70, CD90 and FD treatments was 3, 4.12 and 8.98 mm/day respectively. Controlled drainage treatments (CD70, CD90) reduced drainage coefficient by 67% and 54% respectively, compared to free drainage treatment. CD70 treatment reduced drainage coefficient by 27%, compared CD90 treatment, too. The use of controlled drainage did not limited for plant growth and did not reduce sugarcane yield. Using of this method, in addition to the economic benefitswill cause decreasing river pollution load and has a positive environmental impact.

Roughness coefficient is an effective factor on water velocity and discharge in drain pipes. Roughness coefficient in experimental box model with dimensions of 100×41×56cm was evaluated with two pipes of smooth and corrugated in a diameter of 63 and 56mm by three series of independent tests. The first set was done on pipes with mineral envelop, the second set on pipes with synthetic materials and the third one on pipes without envelop. The mean values of "n" Manning’s in the smooth pipe with synthetic and mineral envelope and non-envelop materials were measured 0.0106, 0.0111, 0.011, and for the corrugated pipe 0.0088, 0.009, 0.0091. The mean values of "n" Ganguillete-Kutter’s in the smooth pipe with synthetic and mineral envelop and non-envelop materials were obtained 0.0048, 0.0048, 0.0048, and for the corrugated pipe 0.0041, 0.0042, 0.0042. The "n" values from the Reynolds-Darcy Weissbach combination formula in the smooth pipe with synthetic and mineral envelop and non-envelop materials were calculated to be 0.0050, 0.0050, 0.0049 and for the corrugated pipe 0.0048, 0.0048, 0.0049. Two evaluation indexes (R2 and RMSE Error Value) indicated a better result for n value obtained by Ganguillet-Kutter formula. The flow inside the drainage pipes is a turbulent and spatially variable which is affected by the small flows entering the pipe through holes.  This flow pattern, while disrupting the uniform distribution of the transverse velocity of the flow, caused flow inhibition and increased Manning's roughness coefficient in the first 30 cm due to the flow rate and low flow speed compared to the second 30 cm. The negligible difference between "n" Manning’s with "n" Ganguillete-Kutter’s is not important and applying 0.011 for Manning coefficient in smooth pipe and 0.009 for corrugating pipe with envelop is satisfactory.

Fresh groundwater overexploitation causes many problems the most important of which are saline water expansion to upstream lands and enhancing salt concentration in shallow groundwater conditions. Interceptor drains can control salinity expansion and decrease saline water hydraulic gradient to fresh water resources. Also, in arid and semi-arid regions evaporation plays an important role in decreasing hydraulic head. In this research HYDRUS-2D has been used in order to assess the effect of evaporation on groundwater depth and drainage coefficient in Abyek interception drain. This salt marsh has located in the southeast of Qazvin and the purpose of installing an interceptor drain in this area is to lower the saline groundwater level and control the salinity expansion till upstream lands gradually improve by soil leaching due to rainfall and groundwater flow and drainage outflow. Simulation has been done in 90 days for three soil texture: clay, loam and sand and four evaporation rate including: low, medium, high (0. 2, 1, 2. 5 ) and without evaporation. Results showed that in clay evaporation has a significant role in causing a decrease in water table level and drainage coefficient. As the evaporation rate increased from 0 to 0. 2 groundwater level drop increased 16. 5% and drainage coefficient decreased 20. 6%. in loamy soil these values were 1. 9% and 1. 7% respectively. As a result, the effect of evaporation is less in loamy soil and low evaporation rate can be ignored. Also, low and medium evaporation rates in sandy soils are ineffective in causing ground water level decrease and reducing drainage coefficient. While high evaporation rate with 6. 9% increase in water level fall and 15. 7% decrease in drainage coefficient is effective and should be measured accurately and consider in simulation. The results of this study are consistent with the work of researchers who have worked in related fields and it is suggested that special attention should be paid to effect of evaporation in drainage studies specially in clay soils.

Background and Aim: Chest tube has been used as a close drainage system for evacuation of pleural cavity after thoracic surgery and in traumatic patients. Today, the chest bottles are made from hard and fragile material that may be broken easily. Also chest bottle needs sterile saline solution for proper functioning. This causes heaviness with pressure effect on the chest wall, resulting in severe pleuritic pain and interfering with early ambulation and post operative ventilation. The goal of this study is to use a new drainage device that in addition to draining pleural cavity properly does not have the other side-effects of the conventional chest bottle.Patients and Methods: This interventional clinical-trial was designed to compare the efficacy of new drainage device (Drainage bag) and chest bottle for pleural cavity evacuation. In this study, 50 patients that were admitted in the wards of Hazrat Rasool Akram hospital and needed chest tube were selected.After explaining the proceduce and obtaining their consent, they were divided randomly into two groups of 25 each. For one group (25 patients) routine chest bottle was utilized and in the other group (25 patients) new drainage bag was used as close drainage system of pleural cavity. The two groups were compared for severity of pain (by VAS), patient satisfaction and duration of admission. All data were analyzed statistically. Independent samples test was used for quantitative variants and qualitative variants were analyzed by Chi square test.Results: Distribution of mean pain score was 4.2 for drainage bag versus 5.5 for routine chest bottle.Similary, in regard to patients satisfaction for movability and changing of device, the rate was 81% for drainage bag and 43% for routine chest bottle. Duration of hospitalization was the other item that was evaluated; in this relation data showed 5.3 days for drainage bag and 8.7 days for the chest bottle group.Conclusion: According to our data it seems that use of new “drainage bag” for evacuation of pleural cavity can be as effective as routine chest bottle with less pain, more patient satisfaction and shorthening of hospitalization period.

Drainage systems are used to control soil and water salinity, which requires time and money to know. Drainage simulation models can be used to save cost and time. The present study evaluated the performance of the SaltMod model in simulating the water table, volume and salinity of the drain. Simulations were performed for three important crops of Moghan plain (wheat, barley and corn) and three treatments of FD, CD70 and CDch. To evaluate the controlled drainage in the model, the drainage control coefficient (Frd) was considered. FD treatments for calibration, CD70 and CDch treatments were selected for validation. After simulation, the degree of correspondence between the real and simulated values was checked. In water table simulation, the mean RE for wheat, barley and corn was 17. 3, 11. 3 and 11% and the mean RMSE was 0. 13, 0. 07 and 0. 07, respectively. The same indices were obtained for drainage volume of 16, 22 and 17% as well as 0. 05, 0. 07 and 0. 06. These results confirm the acceptable accuracy of the model. Then the model was used to investigate the effect of drainage control factor, irrigation water depth and drainage installation depth on water table, volume and salinity of the drain. Therefore, the model can simulate different irrigation and drainage managements in Moghan plain.

Background: A chest tube is used as a close system for drainage of fluid in the pleural space in trauma patients or after thoracic surgery. A chest bottle used at present is generally made from hard synthetic material with the possibility of breaking. Furthermore, some amounts of sterile solution (normal saline) should be always added into the chest bottle to prevent return of air back into the pleural cavity creating a vacuum and decreasing the mobility of the patient significantly. The purpose of this study was to use a drainage bag which is a new device made from soft and light synthetic materials like those used in urinary bag, so that drainage of fluid and air can be done through the pleural space without any complication related to the use of chest bottle.Materials and Methods: The present study was an interventional clinical trial. Fifty patients were selected among those who had been hospitalized in Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital between 2006 and 2007 and chest tubes were placed for them. After obtaining consent for participation in the study, they were divided into two groups (each comprising 25 patients) randomly. Chest bottle and drainage bag were used in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Both groups were compared for severity of chest pain, satisfaction from the device and duration of hospitalization.Results: The study showed the mean pain severity in patients with a drainage bag to be 4.1 units compared to those with chest bottle as 5.4 units. Satisfaction of the patients regarding their ability to move and ease of replacement of the device was 81% in the group with drainage bag and 43%in the group with chest bottle. Mean hospitalization period was 4.8 days in patients with drainage bag and 8.5 days in patients with chest bottles.Conclusion: The present study showed that using drainage bags instead of chest bottles in all patients who have chest tubes, can result in decreased pain, more satisfaction, shorter hospitalization and acceleration of recovery provided that the patients do not need more negative pressure (suction) within the pleural space.

Soil salinity and shallow and saline groundwater have been made subsurface drainage and drainage effluents to be inevitable in irrigated lands of south of Khuzestan. Due to the development of irrigation and drainage networks (IDN) in the southwest of Khuzestan (with an area of 340, 000 hectares), it is necessary to study integrated agricultural drainage management in all area. Drainage management is depending on its quality and quantity (Q & Q), which are changing continuously. Therefore, a model for predicting drainage water Q & Q in the operation period of IDNs was developed and validated using 25 hectares' research field. Predicted drainage water salinity of the IDNs was used to make the decision for reusing or disposing options. Based on the predictions made by this model, the quality of drainage water from the plans of the southern Karkheh basin and western Karoon, with the exception of sugarcane cultivations, is not suitable for at least 10 years to cultivate salt-tolerant plants and their disposal is inevitable. In case of drainage water with better quality, it could be reused for irrigation of salt-tolerant crops and forestation to prevent dust storms. Drainage transportation to the Persian Gulf is proposed to have the least hazard to the environment. In the present study, the content of phosphorus and nitrogen in drainage water was measured to be 0. 043-0. 70 and 2. 2-22 mg/L respectively, which showed a much higher amount of nitrogen than Mahshahr bay (discharge point). Although drainage disposal into the Persian Gulf seems to release high levels of nitrogen, however, due to low phosphorus content in these drainage waters, additional nitrogen cannot be entered in the production cycle and does not result utrification.

Background: Percutaneous biliary drainage (PTBD) is a palliative treatment for malignant biliary obstruction. The present study adopted different methods of fixing the drainage tube, aiming to evaluate the efficacy and complications for patients. Materials and Methods: Total 68 patients with malignant biliary obstruction, enrolled from 2015 May to 2018 March, were randomly divided into two groups to perform PTBD. 34 patients in group A were fixed the drainage tube by using the traditional way and 34 patients in group B by using an ameliorated approach. The clinical success rate, level of direct/indirect bilirubin, complications and quality of life of patients were recorded. Results: PTBD was successfully performed on all 68 patients. The direct and indirect bilirubin levels of all patients were significantly decreased at 1-week and 1-month post-surgery (P<0. 001). Compared with group A, the level of direct bilirubin in group B decreased more significantly at 1-month after the operation (P<0. 05). The quality of life of patients was improved in the two groups at 1-month after the operation (P<0. 001). In addition, the rate of early postoperative complications was 38. 24% in group B, which was not significantly different from the rate in group A (41. 18%) (P>0. 05). However, the complication rate of late postoperative in group B (6/34) was significantly less than complication rate in group A (16/34) (P<0. 05). Conclusion: PTBD is an effective method of treating malignant biliary stricture. The ameliorated fixing method for the drainage tube in PTBD effectively decreases the incidence of late complications, further improving patient quality of life.

Historically for geotechnical engineers, the design and construction of structures on soft soil sediments has been a challenge. The ability to serve and limit the conditions as well as the cost and time program is considered. To meet these requirements, many types of construction methods are available. For example, replacing soft soil with other materials, reinforcing embankment, using lightweight filling materials, prefabricated vertical drainage and overhead or suction to accelerate consolidation, stage density, use of stone columns or different options from cement and cement mixture The soil is like a deep mixing or candle with reinforced reinforcement. Among all existing construction methods, the use of stone columns in soft soil is one of the most common things to reduce session and improve stability and freight capacity. However, when the stone columns are installed in very soft soils, it results in excessive clay pouring into the inner parts of the stone columns and reduces its stone column bearing capacity as well as its drainage capacity (Almeida, 2019). The stone column obstruction has been widely reported and its obstruction on the amount of soft soil improved with the stone columns is visible (Tai and Zhou, 2019) The use of stone columns is a popular technique in improving land with fine soil that can easily Reduce drainage and time of consolidation, as well as increased hardness and shear resistance (Indraratna, 2017). Vertical drainage, such as prefabricated drainage, sand drainage, stone columns and pebbles that are commonly used to accelerate or increase soil resistance. Many previous studies have reported that the area of the impact and resistance of the well causes excess water pressure in the soft soil to be improved with drainage (Nguyen, 2020). The stone column contains empty space or pores. The microphones are attached to the surface of the pores, through which penetrating water flows. Studies show that hydrodynamic or colloidal force is generally responsible for separating the microphones from the pores (Survi and Kousik, 2018). Stone columns create drainage paths due to high permeability (Weber et al., 2010).

Chest tubes are placed in many thoracic operations. Patients are frequently concerned for the chest tubes as they cause too much pain, prolonged hospital stay and restrict patient ambulation. Chest tube insertion in many cases is an important part of surgery and sometimes is the principal operation. There are few prospective studies describing the best method of chest tube insertion address to questions such as; appropriate size of tube, best time for removal, suitable place of insertion and also suction policy and care of chest tube. Most surgeons apply different policies based on which place they have been trained. Questions related to pleural space, negative pressure of pleural cavity, rules of pleural cavity drainage, special manner of chest tube operation and causes of air leakage are ambiguous for many physicians, nurses and other persons who take care of patients. In this review we try to consider clinical problems in detail and find answers based on literature review and our experiences.